01 - Preheat oven to 425°F. Line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper or aluminum foil for easy cleanup.
02 - Arrange trimmed asparagus in a single layer on the prepared sheet. Drizzle evenly with olive oil, then sprinkle with kosher salt and black pepper. Toss gently to coat all spears.
03 - Roast for 12 to 15 minutes until asparagus is tender-crisp and tips are slightly caramelized. Cooking time may vary based on spear thickness.
04 - Remove from oven. Immediately sprinkle grated Parmesan cheese over hot asparagus and toss gently to melt and distribute evenly.
05 - Grate lemon zest evenly over the dish. Squeeze approximately 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice (about half the lemon) over asparagus, adjusting to taste preference.
06 - Transfer to a serving platter. Garnish with chopped parsley if using. Serve immediately while hot for optimal texture and flavor.